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Structures

In C++, a structure (struct) is a composite data type that groups together variables of different data types under a single name. Each variable within a structure is called a member or field. Structures provide a way to organize and store related pieces of data. Here's how to work with structures in C++:

Defining a Structure:

To define a structure, use the struct keyword, followed by the structure's name, and a pair of curly braces {} containing the members of the structure. For example:

Program:

struct Person {
    std::string name;
    int age;
    double height;
};

In this example, we've defined a structure called Person with three members: name, age, and height. Each member has its own data type.

Creating Structure Variables:

Once you've defined a structure, it can create variables of that structure type. For example:

Program:

Person person1; // Creates a variable of type Person

it can also initialize the structure variables at the time of declaration:

Program:

Person person2 = {"Alice", 30, 5.6}; // Initializes person2 with values
Accessing Structure Members:

it can access the members of a structure variable using the dot (.) operator:

Program:

person1.name = "Bob";
person1.age = 25;
person1.height = 6.0;
Structure Initialization:

it can initialize a structure variable at the time of declaration using a constructor-like syntax:

Program:

Person person3{"Charlie", 40, 5.9};
Using Structures in Functions:

it can pass structures as function arguments and return values, making it easier to work with complex data structures. For example:

Program:

void printPerson(const Person& p) {
    std::cout << "Name: " << p.name << ", Age: " << p.age << ", Height: " << p.height << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    Person person4 = {"David", 35, 5.8};
    printPerson(person4);

    return 0;
}

In this example, printPerson is a function that takes a Person structure as a parameter.

Nested Structures:

it can also nest structures within other structures to create more complex data structures:

Program:

struct Address {
    std::string street;
    std::string city;
    std::string state;
    std::string zip;
};

struct Employee {
    std::string name;
    int age;
    Address address;
};

In this example, the Employee structure contains an Address structure as one of its members.

Structures are a fundamental building block for creating custom data types in C++. They are commonly used to represent entities with multiple attributes, such as people, products, and more. Additionally, C++ introduces a similar concept called "classes," which are used for creating objects with member functions (methods) and provide encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism features. Structures are typically used when need a simple container for data without methods.


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